The Relationship between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Pneumonia in Children Age 6 Months – 5 Years
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v9i1.691Keywords:
iron deficiency anaemia, pneumonia, sex, hemoglobin, ferritinAbstract
Background Iron deficiency anemia is a health problem in developing countries that causes an increase in the incidence of infection. One of the consequences of infection is pneumonia which is the cause of high morbidity and mortality in children under five around the world. Purpose To determine the relationship between iron deficiency anemia and the incidence of pneumonia infection in children 6 months – 5 years. Methods The study was conducted with a cross sectional design, 27 subjects aged 6 months – 5 years at Bendan Hospital Pekalongan. The characteristics of the subjects studied were age, gender, nutritional status, breast milk, ferritin, hemoglobin and pneumonia. The data obtained were analyzed by contingency test C and logistic regression with a significance level was set at p<0.05.Result Iron deficiency anemia is associated with the incidence of pneumonia, p value < 0.001, with a weak correlation value (0.437). From the results of logistic regression (multivariate) analysis, Hb and ferritin levels had no effect on iron deficiency anemia PR 1.281 (95% CI <0.05), p=1,000 and PR 2.364 (95% CI <0.05), p=0.995. Conclusion There is a weak relationship between iron deficiency anemia and the incidence of pneumonia infection in children under five.. Hemoglobin and ferritin levels are not the dominant variables that affect iron deficiency anemia.
Downloads
References
Durrani AM. Prevalence of anemia in adolescents: a challenge to the global health. Acta Sci Nutr Heal. 2018;24–7.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) 2013. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. 2013;256.
World Health Organization. Pneumonia. WHO [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia [Accessed 15th September 2021].
Kementrian Kesehatan RI, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. 2019;253.
Hussain SQ, Ashraf M, Wani JG. Low hemoglobin level a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014; 8:PC01–PC03.
Rashad M, Fayed M. Iron deficiency anemia as a risk factor for pneumonia in children. Benha Med J. 2015;32:96–100.
UNICEF Indonesia. Sebuah gambaran: SDG dan anak – anak di Indonesia. UNICEF. 2019.
Bruno B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993 – 2005 WHO global database on anaemia. World Health Organization. 2008;5–6.
Caruso R, Pallone F, Stasi E, Romeo S, Monteleone G. Appropriate nutrient supplementation in celiac disease. Ann Med. 2013;45:522–31.
Collaborators, G.B.D.L.R.I. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020;20:60–79.
Lima F, Mello M, Albuquerque M, Londres MI, Cordeiro GH, Pessoa DE, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in children under five years of age in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Brazil: a case control study. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16:157.
Behairy OG, Mohammad OI, Elshaer OS. Iron-deficiency anemia as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years. Egypt J Bronchol. 2018;12:352–7.
Chen L, Miao C, Chen Y, Han X, Lin Z, Ye H, et al. Age-specific risk factors of severe pneumonia among pediatric patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47:1–13.
Hemagiri K, Sameena A, Aravind K, Khan W, Vasanta SC. Risk factors for severe pneumonia in under five children – a hospital based study. Int J Res Heal Sci. 2014;2(1):47–57.
Jackson S, Mathews KH, Pulanic D, Falconer R, Rudan I, Campbell H, et al. Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Croat Med J 2013;54(2):110–21.
Kasundriya SK, Dhaneria M, Mathur A, Pathak A. Incidence and risk factors for severe pneumonia in children hospitalized with pneumonia in Ujjain, India. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 27;17(13):4637.
Maksoud A, Hussein M, Abdelghafar K, Helwa MA. Evaluation of iron deficiency anemia as a predisposing factor in the occurrence of pneumonia in children. Nutritional Review. 2016;11:69–75.
Weiss G. Iron and immunity: a double-edged sword. Eur J Clin Isvest. 2002;32(1):70–8.
Shmuel AB, Sheiner E, Wainstock T, Landau D, Vaknin F, Walfisch A. The association between gender and pediatric respiratory morbidity. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2018;1–6.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyrights Notice
Copyrights:
Researchers publishing manuscrips at Medica Hospitalis: Journal of Clinical Medicine agree with regulations as follow:
Copyrights of each article belong to researchers, and it is likewise the patent rights
Researchers admit that Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine has the right of first publication
Researchers may submit manuscripts separately, manage non exclusive distribution of published manuscripts into other versions (such as: being sent to researchers’ institutional repository, publication in the books, etc), admitting that manuscripts have been firstly published at Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine
License:
Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine is disseminated based on provisions of Creative Common Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 Internasional It allows individuals to duplicate and disseminate manuscripts in any formats, to alter, compose and make derivatives of manuscripts for any purpose. You are not allowed to use manuscripts for commercial purposes. You should properly acknowledge, reference links, and state that alterations have been made. You can do so in proper ways, but it does not hint that the licensors support you or your usage.
