Relationship between Stress Level and Risk of Eating Disorder in Undergraduate Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v10i3.953Keywords:
COVID-19, Eating Disorder, Stress levelAbstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of undergraduate students' stress before COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia was 36.7-71.6%, where undergraduate students' age was classified as the age group for the onset of eating disorders. During the COVID-19 pandemic, students must continue their studies. However, modifications of daily routines in pandemic have a negative effect on mental health, increase negative stress (distress), and it could increase the incidence of eating disorders symptoms.
AIMS: The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between stress level in undergraduate student and the risk of eating disorder they might have during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
METHOD: This study used cross sectional study design and conducted on June 2021. The subjects were 110 active students who studied in Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University who was chosen using consecutive sampling technique. The Perceived Stress Scale-10 questionnaire was used to measure the students’ stress level for the past month and the Eating Attitude Test-26 questionnaire was used to determine the students' risk of having an eating disoder. Both questionnaires were selected because it has been proven as reliable questionnaires with high sensitivity and specificity (Cronbach's alpha >0.7).
RESULT: The result showed that out of 110 students who have been subjects of this study, 25,5% of respondents experienced low stress, 68,2% of respondents experienced moderate stress, and 6,4% of respondents experienced high stress. It also showed that 4,5% of respondents have the risk of having an eating disorder.
CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation (p=0,005) between the stress level and risk of eating disorder with very weak positive relationship direction (r=0,097).
Downloads
References
1. Shahsavarani AM, Azad E, Abadi M, Kalkhoran MH. Stress: Facts and Theories through Literature Review. Int J Med Rev. 2015;2(2):230–41.
2. Bua Hidayat. Faktor yang dapat menyebabkan insomnia. Univ Diponegoro. 2012;11–35.
3. Anantatmula VS, Shrivastav B. Evolution of project teams for Generation Y workforce. Int J Manag Proj Bus. 2012 Jan 20;5(1):9–26.
4. American Psychological Association. Stress in AmericaTM Generation Z. Stress in America survey. Am Psychol Assoc. 2018
5. Fitasari IN. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stres pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga. Media Gizi Indones. 2010;1:13–9.
6. Musradinur. Stres dan cara mengatasinya dalam perspektif psikologi. Jurnal Edukasi. 2016;2(2):183.
7. Park M, Quinn L, Park C, Martyn-Nemeth P. Pathways of the relationships among eating behavior, stress, and coping in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2018 Dec 1;131:84–93.
8. Wu XY, Yin WQ, Sun HW, Yang SX, Li XY, Liu HQ. The association between disordered eating and health-related quality of life among children and adolescents: A systematic review of population-based studies. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):1–17. 9. Chairani L-. Body Shame dan Gangguan Makan Kajian Meta-Analisis. Bul Psikol. 2018;26(1):12–27.
9. Qian J, Hu Q, Wan Y, Li T, Wu M, Ren Z, et al. Prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: a systematic review. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25(4):212–23.
10. Smink FRE, Van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012 Aug 27;14(4):406–14.
11. Holingue C, Kalb LG, Riehm KE, Bennett D, Kapteyn A, Veldhuis CB, et al. Mental distress in the United States at the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic. Am J Public Health. 2020.
12. Inama S. Gambaran tingkat stres mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas sumatera utara dalam sistem pembelajaran daring pada era pandemi covid-19. 2021.
13. Jannah M. Pengaruh pembelajaran via online selama pandemi covid-19 terhadap tingkat stress mahasiswa tingkat akhir fakultas kedokteran universitas muhammadiyah makassar. Jurnal Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Makasar. 2021.
14. Fitri EW, Titis H, Widodo SA. Hubungan antara tingkat stres dengan tingkat insomnia mahasiswa/i angkatan 2012/2013 program studi pendidikan dokter fakultas kedokteran universitas diponegoro. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro. 2017;6(2):549–57.
15. Haslinda L, Ernalia Y, Wahyuni S. Citra tubuh, perilaku diet, dan kualitas hidup remaja akhir mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas riau. Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran. 2015.
16. Amir E. Hubungan intensitas penggunaan media sosial dengan kejadian gangguan makan : studi pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas diponegoro program studi pendidikan dokter tahun pertama. Universitas Diponegoro. 2019.
17. Schlegl S, Maier J, Meule A, Voderholzer U. Eating disorders in times of the COVID-19 pandemic—Results from an online survey of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(11):1791–800.
18. Charles NE, Strong SJ, Burns LC, Bullerjahn MR, Serafine KM. Increased mood disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and alcohol use among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2021 Feb 1;296:113706.
19. Tracy M, Norris FH, Galea S. Differences in the determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a mass traumatic event. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(8):666–75.
20. Kristanti RA. Hubungan antara tingkat stres dengan gangguan makan pada Mahasiswa Preklinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Pelita Harapan. 2020.
21. Saleh Baqutayan SM. Stress and coping mechanisms: A historical overview. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(2S1):479–88.
22. Gallagher KM, Jones TR, Landrosh N V., Abraham SP, Gillum DR. College Students’ Perceptions of Stress and Coping Mechanisms. J Educ Dev. 2019;3(2):25.
23. Matud MP. Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Pers Individ Dif. 2004 Nov 1;37(7):1401–15.
24. Darmawanti I. Hubungan antara tingkat religiusitas dengan kemampuan dalam mengatasi stres (coping stress). J Psikol Teor dan Terap. 2012 Feb 1;2(2):102.
25. P Kumaladewi R, Wawang SS, Fajar AY. Hubungan Antara Tingkat Stres dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung. Pros Pendidik Dr. 2018;4(2):71–6.
26. Kusuma UF. Hubungan stres dengan indeks massa tubuh mahasiswa program studi pendidikan dokter fakultas kedokteran universitas sriwijaya. 2019.
27. Purwanti M, Putri EA, Ilmiawan MI, Wilson, Rozalina. Hubungan tingkat stres dengan indeks massa tubuh mahasiswa pspd fk untan. 2017;3(2):1–10.
28. Bryan CJ, Bryan ABO, Baker JC. Associations among state-level physical distancing measures and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among U.S. adults during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav. 2020 Dec 24;50(6):1223–9.
29. Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. Investigating mental health of US college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Sep 17;22(9):e22817.
30. Alviani P. Pengaruh adaptasi lingkungan pembelajaran terhadap kemampuan akademik mahasiswa di program studi pendidikan dokter fakultas kedokteran universitas abulyatama. Jurnal Health Sains: Vol. 1, No. 6, Desember 2020. 2020;1(6):401–6.
31. Jain P, Billaiya R, Malaiya S. International Journal of Physical Sciences and Engineering A correlational analysis of academic stress in adolescents in respect of socio-economic status. 2017;1(1):2550–6951.
32. Azis MZ, Bellinawati N. Faktor risiko stres dan perbedaannya pada mahasiswa berbagai angkatan di fakultas kedokteran universitas muhammadiyah palembang. 2015;2(2):197–202.
33. Guo Y, Cheng C, Zeng Y, Li Y, Zhu M, Yang W, et al. Mental health disorders and associated risk factors in quarantined adults during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Aug 1;22(8):e20328.
34. Federal U, Cat U, Grande R, Studi D, Santos M. Perceived stresses among male students in university of dammam, eastern saudi arabia: a comparative study. 2012;8(6):1–4.
35. Shaikh BT, Kahloon A, Kazmi M, Khalid H, Nawaz K, Khan NA, et al. Students, stress and coping strategies: A case of Pakistani Medical School. Educ Heal. 2004;17(3):346–53.
36. Lewinsohn PM, Striegel-Moore RH, Seeley JR. Epidemiology and natural course of eating disorders in young women from adolescence to young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(10):1284–92.
37. Laila NN. faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi gangguan makan pada remaja di madrasah aliyah pembangunan UIN Jakarta. 2013.
38. Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Eleventh e. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.
39. Kurniawan MY, Briawan D, Caraka RE. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Persepsi tubuh dan gangguan makan pada remaja. 2015;11(03):105–14.
40. Jacoby GE. Essstorung und konfession. Gibt es einen zusammenhang zwischen dem typ der essstorung und einer bestimmten religionszugehorigkeit? PPmP Psychother Psychosom Medizinische Psychol. 1993;43(2):70–3.
41. Abraham NK, Birmingham CL. Is there evidence that religion is a risk factor for eating disorders? Eat Weight Disord. 2008;13(4):12–5.
42. Merita M, Hamzah N, Djayusmantoko D. Persepsi Citra Tubuh, Kecenderungan Gangguan Makan Dan Status Gizi Pada Remaja Putri Di Kota Jambi. J Nutr Coll. 2020;9(2):81–6.
43. Burrows A, Cooper M. Possible risk factors in the development of eating disorders in overweight pre-adolescent girls. Int J Obes.
45. Kristanto T, Chen WS, Thoo YY. Academic burnout and eating disorder among students in Monash University Malaysia. Eat Behav. 2016 Aug 1;22:96–100.
46. Claydon E, Zullig KJ. Eating disorders and academic performance among college students. J Am Coll Heal. 2020 Apr 2;68(3):320–5.
47. Adelantado-Renau M, Beltran-Valls MR, Toledo-Bonifás M, Bou-Sospedra C, Pastor MC, Moliner-Urdiales D. The risk of eating disorders and academic performance in adolescents: DADOS study. Nutr Hosp. 2018;35(5):1201–7.
48. Mulders-Jones B, Mitchison D, Girosi F, Hay P. Socioeconomic correlates of eating disorder symptoms in an australian population-based sample. jiménez-murcia s, editor. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 31;12(1):e0170603.
49. Haycraft E, Goodwin H, Meyer C. Adolescents’ level of eating psychopathology is related to perceptions of their parents’ current feeding practices. J Adolesc Heal. 2014 Feb 1;54(2):204–8.
50. Díaz De León Vázquez C, Santoncini CU. Revista mexicana de trastornos alimentarios mexican journal of eating disorders parental negative weight/shape comments and their association with disordered eating behaviors: A systematic review Comentarios negativos paternos acerca de peso/forma corporal y su asociación con las conductas alimentarias de riesgo: Una revisión sistemática. Rev Mex Trastor Aliment. 2019 ;10(1):134–47.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Jessica Clara, Titis Hadiati, Innawati Jusup, Widodo Sarjana A.S.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyrights Notice
Copyrights:
Researchers publishing manuscrips at Medica Hospitalis: Journal of Clinical Medicine agree with regulations as follow:
Copyrights of each article belong to researchers, and it is likewise the patent rights
Researchers admit that Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine has the right of first publication
Researchers may submit manuscripts separately, manage non exclusive distribution of published manuscripts into other versions (such as: being sent to researchers’ institutional repository, publication in the books, etc), admitting that manuscripts have been firstly published at Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine
License:
Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine is disseminated based on provisions of Creative Common Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 Internasional It allows individuals to duplicate and disseminate manuscripts in any formats, to alter, compose and make derivatives of manuscripts for any purpose. You are not allowed to use manuscripts for commercial purposes. You should properly acknowledge, reference links, and state that alterations have been made. You can do so in proper ways, but it does not hint that the licensors support you or your usage.
