Pemeriksaan Laboratorium pada Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v7i1A.472Keywords:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pemeriksaan laboratoriumAbstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Penyakit ini menyebar dengan cepat, menjadi pandemi, dan telah menginfeksi jutaan penduduk di lebih dari 200 negara dan wilayah serta berdampak pada sosioekonomi masyarakat. Pemeriksaan laboratorium berperan penting dalam manajemen pasien COVID-19 mulai dari penapisan sampai dengan surveilans. Oleh karena itu, studi literatur ini akan membahas tentang pemeriksaan laboratorium pada COVID-19.
Kata kunci: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pemeriksaan laboratorium
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;12:372.
2. Beeching NJ, Fletcher TEF, Fowler R. BMJ best practice covid-19 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000168
3. Sahin AR. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Review of the Current Literature. EJMO [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 4]; Available from: https://www.ejmo.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220/
4. Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu R-H. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16:1753–66.
5. Petrosillo N, Viceconte G, Ergonul O, Ippolito G, Petersen E. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020;S1198743X20301713.
6. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) situation report - 181 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 20]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200719-covid-19-sitrep-181_0.pdf
7. Lippi G, Plebani M. The critical role of laboratory medicine during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral outbreaks. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 5];0. Available from: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.ahead-of-print/cclm-2020-0240/cclm-2020-0240.xml
8. Docea A, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, et al. A new threat from an old enemy: Re?emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 6]; Available from: http://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
9. Chan JFW, Lau SKP, To KKW, Cheng VCC, Woo PCY, Yuen K-Y. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-Like Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:465–522.
10. De Soto J, Hakim S, Boyd F. The Pathophysiology of Virulence of the COVID-19 Virus [Internet]. MEDICINE & PHARMACOLOGY; 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0077/v1
11. Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control. JCM. 2020;9:1225.
12. Jiang S, Hillyer C, Du L. Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses. Trends in Immunology. 2020;S1471490620300570.
13. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1620.
14. Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2020;80:656–65.
15. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;34:101623.
16. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
17. Zhao X, Zhang B, Li P, Ma C, Gu J, Hou P, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037572
18. Ding X, Yu Y, Lu B, Huo J, Chen M, Kang Y, et al. Dynamic profile and clinical implications of hematological parameters in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2];0. Available from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/cclm/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-0411/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-0411.xml
19. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 2020;m1091.
20. Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, et al. Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;95:332–9.
21. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2763184
22. Du R-H, Liang L-R, Yang C-Q, Wang W, Cao T-Z, Li M, et al. Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:2000524.
23. Li J, Li M, Zheng S, Li M, Zhang M, Sun M, et al. Plasma albumin levels predict risk for nonsurvivors in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Biomarkers in Medicine. 2020;bmm-2020-0254.
24. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395:1054–62.
25. Lin Z, long F, Yang Y, Chen X, Xu L, Yang M. Serum ferritin as an independent risk factor for severity in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320304345.
26. wang changzheng, Li C. Preliminary study to identify severe from moderate cases of COVID-19 using NLR&RDW-SD combination parameter [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.09.20058594
27. Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, Pu L, Xiong H, Li C, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021584
28. Liu Y, Du X, Chen J, Jin Y, Peng L, Wang HHX, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320302085.
29. Yang A-P, Liu J, Tao W, Li H. The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients. International Immunopharmacology. 2020;84:106504.
30. Yan X, Li F, Wang X, Yan J, Zhu F, Tang S, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross?sectional study. J Med Virol. 2020;jmv.26061.
31. Gómez-Pastora J, Weigand M, Kim J, Wu X, Strayer J, Palmer AF, et al. Hyperferritinemia in critically ill COVID-19 patients – Is ferritin the product of inflammation or a pathogenic mediator? Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020;509:249–51.
32. Alunno A, Carubbi F, Rodríguez-Carrio J. Storm, typhoon, cyclone or hurricane in patients with COVID-19? Beware of the same storm that has a different origin. RMD Open. 2020;6:e001295.
33. Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Marzac C, Aumont C, Chahwan D, et al. Development and Validation of the HScore, a Score for the Diagnosis of Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome: Score for Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2014;66:2613–20.
34. Henter J-I, Horne A, Aricó M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:124–31.
35. Bohn MK, Lippi G, Horvath A, Sethi S, Koch D, Ferrari M, et al. Molecular, serological, and biochemical diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19: IFCC taskforce evaluation of the latest evidence. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2020;58:1037–52.
36. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117
37. Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, Kanjilal S, Quach C, Libman M, et al. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;172:726–34.
38. Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, Malekjahani A, Osborne M, Li VYC, et al. Diagnosing COVID-19: The Disease and Tools for Detection. ACS Nano. 2020;acsnano.0c02624.
39. World Health Organization. Summary table of available protocols in this document [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whoinhouseassays.pdf?sfvrsn=de3a76aa_2&download=true
40. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2];25. Available from: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045
41. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Patologi Klinik dan Kedokteran Laboratorium. Panduan tatalaksana pemeriksaan tes cepat molekular (TCM) dan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.pdspatklin.or.id/assets/files/pdspatklin_2020_04_30_19_20_35.pdf
42. US Food and Drug Administration. Emergency Use Authorizations [Internet]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations
43. Sansure Biotech Inc. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) nucleic acid diagnostic kit (PCR-Fluorescence Probing) instruction for use [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 5]. Available from: http://eng.sansure.com.cn/data/upload/ueditor/20200506/5eb2266fc7d74.pdf
44. Zhen W, Smith E, Manji R, Schron D, Berry GJ. Clinical Evaluation of Three Sample-To-Answer Platforms for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;JCM.00783-20, jcm;JCM.00783-20v1.
45. Wolters F, van de Bovenkamp J, van den Bosch B, van den Brink S, Broeders M, Chung NH, et al. Multi-center evaluation of cepheid xpert® xpress SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2020;128:104426.
46. Wang X, Yao H, Xu X, Zhang P, Zhang M, Shao J, et al. Limits of Detection of 6 Approved RT–PCR Kits for the Novel SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical Chemistry. 2020;hvaa099.
47. Shen L, Huang F, Chen X, Xiong Z, Yang X, Li H, et al. [Diagnostic efficacy of three test kits for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020;49:185–90.
48. Vashist SK. In Vitro Diagnostic Assays for COVID-19: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends. Diagnostics. 2020;10:202.
49. Basu A, Zinger T, Inglima K, Woo K, Atie O, Yurasits L, et al. Performance of Abbott ID NOW COVID-19 rapid nucleic acid amplification test in nasopharyngeal swabs transported in viral media and dry nasal swabs, in a New York City academic institution [Internet]. Microbiology; 2020 May [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.05.11.089896
50. Cepheid. Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 instruction for use [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 5]. Available from: https://www.cepheid.com/Package%20Insert%20Files/Xpress-SARS-CoV-2/Xpert%20Xpress%20SARS-CoV-2%20Assay%20CE-IVD%20ENGLISH%20Package%20Insert%20302-3787%20Rev.%20A.pdf
51. Sethuraman N, Jeremiah SS, Ryo A. Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765837
52. Liu W-D, Chang S-Y, Wang J-T, Tsai M-J, Hung C-C, Hsu C-L, et al. Prolonged virus shedding even after seroconversion in a patient with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320301900.
53. La Scola B, Le Bideau M, Andreani J, Hoang VT, Grimaldier C, Colson P, et al. Viral RNA load as determined by cell culture as a management tool for discharge of SARS-CoV-2 patients from infectious disease wards. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39:1059–61.
54. Ling Y, Xu S-B, Lin Y-X, Tian D, Zhu Z-Q, Dai F-H, et al. Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients: Chinese Medical Journal. 2020;133:1039–43.
55. Zheng S, Fan J, Yu F, Feng B, Lou B, Zou Q, et al. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;m1443.
56. Yang Y, Yang M, Shen C, Wang F, Yuan J, Li J, et al. Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493
57. Azzi L, Carcano G, Gianfagna F, Grossi P, Gasperina DD, Genoni A, et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320302139.
58. Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e208292.
59. Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV. The prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations in COVID-19 and the diagnostic value of ocular tissue/fluid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258:1351–2.
60. Mondanizadeh M, Rahimi E, Sarmadian H, Jamalian M, Khansarinejad B. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 existence in blood, urine, and rectal swab in positive patients with different virus titers [Internet]. In Review; 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-20499/v1
61. Patanè L, Morotti D, Giunta MR, Sigismondi C, Piccoli MG, Frigerio L, et al. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with COVID-19 positive mothers and neonates at birth. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM. 2020;100145.
62. Lamouroux A, Attie-Bitach T, Martinovic J, Leruez-Ville M, Ville Y. Evidence for and against vertical transmission for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;S000293782030524X.
63. Rodrigues C, Baia I, Domingues R, Barros H. Pregnancy and breastfeeding during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of published pregnancy cases [Internet]. Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079509
64. European Commission. Current performance of COVID-19 test methods and devices and proposed performance criteria [Internet]. Available from: https://oequasta.at/de/home-oequasta/news/492-working-document-test-performance-16-april-2020
65. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, Liu W, Liao X, Su Y, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019 [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.03.02.20030189
66. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang D, Yang F, et al. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;ciaa310.
67. Laureano AFS, Riboldi M. The different tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 - A review in Brazil so far. JBRA Assisted Reproduction [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 21]; Available from: https://www.jbra.com.br/trab/pub/download_trabalho.php?fileSource=/var/www/vhosts/jbra.com.br/media/trab/arq_2063&fileName=1646-The.pdf&id_trabalho=909
68. Riccò M, Ferraro P, Gualerzi G, Ranzieri S, Henry BM, Said YB, et al. Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Data. JCM. 2020;9:1515.
69. Xiao AT, Gao C, Zhang S. Profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The first report. J Infect. 2020;
70. Padoan A, Sciacovelli L, Basso D, Negrini D, Zuin S, Cosma C, et al. IgA-Ab response to spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal study. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020;507:164–6.
71. Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT, Shy BR, Yu R, Yamamoto TN, et al. Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.25.20074856
72. Pellanda LC, Wendland EM, McBride AJ, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Ferreira MR, Dellagostin OA, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid test for assessment of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a community-based setting in Brazil [Internet]. Epidemiology; 2020 May [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093476
73. Santos VA dos, Rafael MM, Sabino EC, Duarte AJ da S. Sensitivity of the Wondfo One Step COVID-19 test using serum samples. Clinics. 2020;75:e2013.
74. World Health Organization. Advice on the use of point-of-care immunodiagnostic tests for COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 26]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/advice-on-the-use-of-point-of-care-immunodiagnostic-tests-for-covid-19
75. Anung S, Erlina B, Erlang S, Aryati A, Weny R, Pompini A S. Diagnosis laboratorium. In: Pedoman pencegahan dan pengendalian coronavirus disease (COVID-19) revisi ke-5 [Internet]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 26]. p. 80–7. Available from: https://covid19.go.id/storage/app/media/Protokol/REV-05_Pedoman_P2_COVID-19_13_Juli_2020.pdf
76. Kontou PI, Braliou GG, Dimou NL, Nikolopoulos G, Bagos PG. Antibody Tests in Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics. 2020;10:319.
77. Adams ER, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, et al. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066407
78. Mertens P, De Vos N, Martiny D, Jassoy C, Mirazimi A, Cuypers L, et al. Development and Potential Usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip Diagnostic Assay in a Pandemic Context. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:225
2. Beeching NJ, Fletcher TEF, Fowler R. BMJ best practice covid-19 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000168
3. Sahin AR. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Review of the Current Literature. EJMO [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 4]; Available from: https://www.ejmo.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220/
4. Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu R-H. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16:1753–66.
5. Petrosillo N, Viceconte G, Ergonul O, Ippolito G, Petersen E. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020;S1198743X20301713.
6. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) situation report - 181 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 20]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200719-covid-19-sitrep-181_0.pdf
7. Lippi G, Plebani M. The critical role of laboratory medicine during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral outbreaks. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 5];0. Available from: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.ahead-of-print/cclm-2020-0240/cclm-2020-0240.xml
8. Docea A, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, et al. A new threat from an old enemy: Re?emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 6]; Available from: http://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
9. Chan JFW, Lau SKP, To KKW, Cheng VCC, Woo PCY, Yuen K-Y. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-Like Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:465–522.
10. De Soto J, Hakim S, Boyd F. The Pathophysiology of Virulence of the COVID-19 Virus [Internet]. MEDICINE & PHARMACOLOGY; 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0077/v1
11. Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control. JCM. 2020;9:1225.
12. Jiang S, Hillyer C, Du L. Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses. Trends in Immunology. 2020;S1471490620300570.
13. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1620.
14. Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2020;80:656–65.
15. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;34:101623.
16. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
17. Zhao X, Zhang B, Li P, Ma C, Gu J, Hou P, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037572
18. Ding X, Yu Y, Lu B, Huo J, Chen M, Kang Y, et al. Dynamic profile and clinical implications of hematological parameters in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2];0. Available from: https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/cclm/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-0411/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-0411.xml
19. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 2020;m1091.
20. Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, et al. Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;95:332–9.
21. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2763184
22. Du R-H, Liang L-R, Yang C-Q, Wang W, Cao T-Z, Li M, et al. Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:2000524.
23. Li J, Li M, Zheng S, Li M, Zhang M, Sun M, et al. Plasma albumin levels predict risk for nonsurvivors in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Biomarkers in Medicine. 2020;bmm-2020-0254.
24. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395:1054–62.
25. Lin Z, long F, Yang Y, Chen X, Xu L, Yang M. Serum ferritin as an independent risk factor for severity in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320304345.
26. wang changzheng, Li C. Preliminary study to identify severe from moderate cases of COVID-19 using NLR&RDW-SD combination parameter [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.09.20058594
27. Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, Pu L, Xiong H, Li C, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021584
28. Liu Y, Du X, Chen J, Jin Y, Peng L, Wang HHX, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320302085.
29. Yang A-P, Liu J, Tao W, Li H. The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients. International Immunopharmacology. 2020;84:106504.
30. Yan X, Li F, Wang X, Yan J, Zhu F, Tang S, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross?sectional study. J Med Virol. 2020;jmv.26061.
31. Gómez-Pastora J, Weigand M, Kim J, Wu X, Strayer J, Palmer AF, et al. Hyperferritinemia in critically ill COVID-19 patients – Is ferritin the product of inflammation or a pathogenic mediator? Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020;509:249–51.
32. Alunno A, Carubbi F, Rodríguez-Carrio J. Storm, typhoon, cyclone or hurricane in patients with COVID-19? Beware of the same storm that has a different origin. RMD Open. 2020;6:e001295.
33. Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Marzac C, Aumont C, Chahwan D, et al. Development and Validation of the HScore, a Score for the Diagnosis of Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome: Score for Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2014;66:2613–20.
34. Henter J-I, Horne A, Aricó M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:124–31.
35. Bohn MK, Lippi G, Horvath A, Sethi S, Koch D, Ferrari M, et al. Molecular, serological, and biochemical diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19: IFCC taskforce evaluation of the latest evidence. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2020;58:1037–52.
36. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117
37. Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, Kanjilal S, Quach C, Libman M, et al. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;172:726–34.
38. Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, Malekjahani A, Osborne M, Li VYC, et al. Diagnosing COVID-19: The Disease and Tools for Detection. ACS Nano. 2020;acsnano.0c02624.
39. World Health Organization. Summary table of available protocols in this document [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whoinhouseassays.pdf?sfvrsn=de3a76aa_2&download=true
40. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2];25. Available from: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045
41. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Patologi Klinik dan Kedokteran Laboratorium. Panduan tatalaksana pemeriksaan tes cepat molekular (TCM) dan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.pdspatklin.or.id/assets/files/pdspatklin_2020_04_30_19_20_35.pdf
42. US Food and Drug Administration. Emergency Use Authorizations [Internet]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations
43. Sansure Biotech Inc. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) nucleic acid diagnostic kit (PCR-Fluorescence Probing) instruction for use [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 5]. Available from: http://eng.sansure.com.cn/data/upload/ueditor/20200506/5eb2266fc7d74.pdf
44. Zhen W, Smith E, Manji R, Schron D, Berry GJ. Clinical Evaluation of Three Sample-To-Answer Platforms for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;JCM.00783-20, jcm;JCM.00783-20v1.
45. Wolters F, van de Bovenkamp J, van den Bosch B, van den Brink S, Broeders M, Chung NH, et al. Multi-center evaluation of cepheid xpert® xpress SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2020;128:104426.
46. Wang X, Yao H, Xu X, Zhang P, Zhang M, Shao J, et al. Limits of Detection of 6 Approved RT–PCR Kits for the Novel SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical Chemistry. 2020;hvaa099.
47. Shen L, Huang F, Chen X, Xiong Z, Yang X, Li H, et al. [Diagnostic efficacy of three test kits for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020;49:185–90.
48. Vashist SK. In Vitro Diagnostic Assays for COVID-19: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends. Diagnostics. 2020;10:202.
49. Basu A, Zinger T, Inglima K, Woo K, Atie O, Yurasits L, et al. Performance of Abbott ID NOW COVID-19 rapid nucleic acid amplification test in nasopharyngeal swabs transported in viral media and dry nasal swabs, in a New York City academic institution [Internet]. Microbiology; 2020 May [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.05.11.089896
50. Cepheid. Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 instruction for use [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 5]. Available from: https://www.cepheid.com/Package%20Insert%20Files/Xpress-SARS-CoV-2/Xpert%20Xpress%20SARS-CoV-2%20Assay%20CE-IVD%20ENGLISH%20Package%20Insert%20302-3787%20Rev.%20A.pdf
51. Sethuraman N, Jeremiah SS, Ryo A. Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765837
52. Liu W-D, Chang S-Y, Wang J-T, Tsai M-J, Hung C-C, Hsu C-L, et al. Prolonged virus shedding even after seroconversion in a patient with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320301900.
53. La Scola B, Le Bideau M, Andreani J, Hoang VT, Grimaldier C, Colson P, et al. Viral RNA load as determined by cell culture as a management tool for discharge of SARS-CoV-2 patients from infectious disease wards. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39:1059–61.
54. Ling Y, Xu S-B, Lin Y-X, Tian D, Zhu Z-Q, Dai F-H, et al. Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients: Chinese Medical Journal. 2020;133:1039–43.
55. Zheng S, Fan J, Yu F, Feng B, Lou B, Zou Q, et al. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;m1443.
56. Yang Y, Yang M, Shen C, Wang F, Yuan J, Li J, et al. Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493
57. Azzi L, Carcano G, Gianfagna F, Grossi P, Gasperina DD, Genoni A, et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection. 2020;S0163445320302139.
58. Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e208292.
59. Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV. The prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations in COVID-19 and the diagnostic value of ocular tissue/fluid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258:1351–2.
60. Mondanizadeh M, Rahimi E, Sarmadian H, Jamalian M, Khansarinejad B. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 existence in blood, urine, and rectal swab in positive patients with different virus titers [Internet]. In Review; 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-20499/v1
61. Patanè L, Morotti D, Giunta MR, Sigismondi C, Piccoli MG, Frigerio L, et al. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with COVID-19 positive mothers and neonates at birth. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM. 2020;100145.
62. Lamouroux A, Attie-Bitach T, Martinovic J, Leruez-Ville M, Ville Y. Evidence for and against vertical transmission for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;S000293782030524X.
63. Rodrigues C, Baia I, Domingues R, Barros H. Pregnancy and breastfeeding during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of published pregnancy cases [Internet]. Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079509
64. European Commission. Current performance of COVID-19 test methods and devices and proposed performance criteria [Internet]. Available from: https://oequasta.at/de/home-oequasta/news/492-working-document-test-performance-16-april-2020
65. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, Liu W, Liao X, Su Y, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019 [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.03.02.20030189
66. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang D, Yang F, et al. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;ciaa310.
67. Laureano AFS, Riboldi M. The different tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 - A review in Brazil so far. JBRA Assisted Reproduction [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 21]; Available from: https://www.jbra.com.br/trab/pub/download_trabalho.php?fileSource=/var/www/vhosts/jbra.com.br/media/trab/arq_2063&fileName=1646-The.pdf&id_trabalho=909
68. Riccò M, Ferraro P, Gualerzi G, Ranzieri S, Henry BM, Said YB, et al. Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Data. JCM. 2020;9:1515.
69. Xiao AT, Gao C, Zhang S. Profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The first report. J Infect. 2020;
70. Padoan A, Sciacovelli L, Basso D, Negrini D, Zuin S, Cosma C, et al. IgA-Ab response to spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal study. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020;507:164–6.
71. Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT, Shy BR, Yu R, Yamamoto TN, et al. Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.25.20074856
72. Pellanda LC, Wendland EM, McBride AJ, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Ferreira MR, Dellagostin OA, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid test for assessment of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a community-based setting in Brazil [Internet]. Epidemiology; 2020 May [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093476
73. Santos VA dos, Rafael MM, Sabino EC, Duarte AJ da S. Sensitivity of the Wondfo One Step COVID-19 test using serum samples. Clinics. 2020;75:e2013.
74. World Health Organization. Advice on the use of point-of-care immunodiagnostic tests for COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 26]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/advice-on-the-use-of-point-of-care-immunodiagnostic-tests-for-covid-19
75. Anung S, Erlina B, Erlang S, Aryati A, Weny R, Pompini A S. Diagnosis laboratorium. In: Pedoman pencegahan dan pengendalian coronavirus disease (COVID-19) revisi ke-5 [Internet]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 26]. p. 80–7. Available from: https://covid19.go.id/storage/app/media/Protokol/REV-05_Pedoman_P2_COVID-19_13_Juli_2020.pdf
76. Kontou PI, Braliou GG, Dimou NL, Nikolopoulos G, Bagos PG. Antibody Tests in Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics. 2020;10:319.
77. Adams ER, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, et al. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066407
78. Mertens P, De Vos N, Martiny D, Jassoy C, Mirazimi A, Cuypers L, et al. Development and Potential Usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip Diagnostic Assay in a Pandemic Context. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:225
Additional Files
Published
2020-08-28
How to Cite
1.
Yusra Y, Pangestu N. Pemeriksaan Laboratorium pada Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Medica Hospitalia J. Clin. Med. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 28 [cited 2024 Dec. 22];7(1A):304-19. Available from: http://medicahospitalia.rskariadi.co.id/medicahospitalia/index.php/mh/article/view/472
Issue
Section
Review Article
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyrights Notice
Copyrights:
Researchers publishing manuscrips at Medica Hospitalis: Journal of Clinical Medicine agree with regulations as follow:
Copyrights of each article belong to researchers, and it is likewise the patent rights
Researchers admit that Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine has the right of first publication
Researchers may submit manuscripts separately, manage non exclusive distribution of published manuscripts into other versions (such as: being sent to researchers’ institutional repository, publication in the books, etc), admitting that manuscripts have been firstly published at Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine
License:
Medica Hospitalia: Journal of Clinical Medicine is disseminated based on provisions of Creative Common Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 Internasional It allows individuals to duplicate and disseminate manuscripts in any formats, to alter, compose and make derivatives of manuscripts for any purpose. You are not allowed to use manuscripts for commercial purposes. You should properly acknowledge, reference links, and state that alterations have been made. You can do so in proper ways, but it does not hint that the licensors support you or your usage.
